Showing posts with label Accounting Terms. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Accounting Terms. Show all posts

Monday, May 8, 2017

Capital

Tag/ Label showing "Capital"

Capital is the money invested by the owner(s) of the business to meet the requirements of the business.

In the case of proprietary concerns it is called ‘proprietor’s capital’ and if it were a partnership firm it is called ‘partners’ capital’.

Share and Share Capital

During the colonial period businessmen found that it required a lot more capital to organise trade venture to far-off countries. Besides huge financial requirements, the ventures were fraught with a risk that is impossible for one or few individuals to bear. This resulted in the creation of joint stock companies, where the huge capital requirement is split into thousands of small units called shares, so that these small units can be easily sold to many hundreds and thousands of investors. The capital raised by the sale of ‘shares’ is called the ‘share capital’.

Share Certificate of "The Empire Jute Company Limited"



Limited Liability

Considering the large risks involved in the voyages/ ventures, by law the risk also was limited only to the amount invested, leaving the investors’ personal properties safe and untouched in the event the venture/ company failed. This was not and even today is not the case with proprietary concerns and partnership firms. The word 'Limited', 'Ltd.' in the short form are derived from and denote the limited or restricted liability of the shareholders or owners in the case of a joint stock company. 

The East India Company is good example of a joint stock company.
Coat of Arms of East India Company


Equity and Preference Capital and Shares

Later evolution and sophistication resulted into two popular types of share capital, equity and preference (also called preferred).


Picture shows Share, Equity Share and Preference Share
In a nutshell, preference shares enjoy priority in terms of payment dividends as well as repayment of principal over equity shares.

Equity shares though least in priority and more risky nevertheless are bestowed with a feature of participation in the surplus. Equity shares are crafted based on the principle rewards is proportionate to risks.

Capital is a Liability of the Business

In the modern commercial world, the owner(s) of the enterprise and the business are treated as separate entities. Therefore the business treats the money invested by the owners/ shareholders as money it owes to the owners. shareholders and therefore in the account books of the business the capital is shown as a liability. In the balance sheet, capital is listed on the liabilities side.


Conservative Enterprise Limited.
Balance Sheet as at 31st March 2017
Assets
Liabilities
Fixed Assets
3000
Capital
500
Reserves
5000
Net Worth
5500
Loans
0
Inventory
150
Receivables
1500
Trades payable
500
Cash & Cash Equivalents
1350
Total Assets
6000
Total Liabilities
6000
Of course in terms of priority in repayment, in the event of liquidation of the business, capital comes last. This means that when a business is being wound-up, the assets of the business are sold and the proceeds are utilised to repay the sums owed to various parties, including the owners/ shareholders, in the following order of priority:


In conclusion, capital is owner(s) investment in the business. In the case of a company it is called share capital. It is a liability owed to the owners. It is the last item to be repaid in the event of liquidation of a business.

Sunday, December 18, 2016

Net Block (Fixed Assets) Definition


Net Block of Fixed Assets. Finance. Investments. Stocks. Stcok Market
Happy frog imagining the concept of Net Block of Fixed Assets

Meaning:

‘Net Block’ represents the original cost of acquisition of assets after adjusting for or deducting depreciation for wear-and-tear.

Conventionally in the financial statements fixed assets are depicted under three blocks or groups as under:

1.     Gross
2.     Depreciation
3.     Net

Each of these blocks are further classified into:

1.     Amount standing at the beginning of the year (Opening Balance)
2.     Additions during the year
3.     Deletions (sold or disposed off) during the year
4.     Amount standing at the end of the year (Closing Balance)

‘Net Block’ is obtained after deducting depreciation from the ‘Gross Block’.

Formula:

Formula for computing Net Block of Fixed Assets
Formula for computing Net Block of Fixed Assets

Example:

Following Example shall make things more clear:



GROSS BLOCK
DEPRECIATION
NET BLOCK
Opening Balance
Additions
Closing Balance
Opening Balance
For the year
Closing Balance
Opening Balance
Closing Balance
A1
B1
C1
A2
B2
C2
A3 = (A1-A2)
C3 = (C1-C2)
10000
5000
15000
1000
1500
2500
9000
12500

In conclusion net block of fixed assets is the original cost, adjusted for depreciation charge.